This document discusses voluntary motor control and the brain regions involved. The basal ganglia and cerebellum help modulate and plan movement. Within the basal ganglia, different regions receive input and output to different motor areas in a somatotopic organization. The cerebellum contains somatotopic maps and is divided into vestibulocerebellum, neocerebellum, and spinocerebellum. The primary motor cortex codes for force and direction of movement. Premotor areas encode sensorimotor transformations and fire before movement based on visual or sensory cues. Mirror neurons in the premotor cortex fire both when performing and observing specific motor acts.

1. Voluntary Motor Control

2. Control of voluntary movement Idea Association cortex Premotor + Motor cortex Basal Ganglia Lateral cerebellum Movement Intermediate Cerebellum Execution Planning

3. Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia

4. Motor components of the human basal ganglia

5. Anatomical Organization of Basal Ganglia Input

6. Output of Basal Ganglia

7. The somatotopic organization of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit

8. Disinhibition

10. Organization of Cerebellum

11. Functional organization of cerebellum

12. Input of Cerebellum

13. Cerebellar Output

14. Vestibulocerebellum

15. Neocerebellum

16. The spinocerebellum contains two somatotopic neural maps of the body

19. Cerebellar Pathway

20. Motor Cortex

21. Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex

22. The major inputs to the motor cortex in monkeys

24. Corticospinal Tract

25. Convergence of Motor Control on the Anterior Motor Neuron

26. Experimental apparatus developed to record the activity of single neurons in awake primates trained to perform specific movements : Ed Evarts 1960

27. Direct corticospinal control of motor neurons is necessary for fine control of the digits

28. Directional tuning of an upper motor neuron in the primary motor cortex

29. Activity in Individual Neurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Is Related to Muscle Force and Direction of Movement

30. Spike Triggered Averaging 1970

31. Motor Cortical Cell Firing with Force Generated

32. Corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell is active depends on the motor task

33. Different areas of cortex are activated during simple, complex, and imagined sequences of finger movements (Xenon PET)

34. Cell activity in the motor cortex depends on whether a sequence of movements is guided by visual cues or by prior training

35. A set-related neuron in the dorsal premotor area becomes active while the monkey prepares to make a movement to the left

36. The visuomotor transformations required for reaching and grasping involve two different pathways

37. Individual neurons in the ventral premotor area fire during specific hand actions only

38. A. Activity in the neuron as the monkey observes another monkey make a precision group. B. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey observes the human experimenter make the precision grip. C. Activity in the same neuron as the monkey itself performs a precision grip. (From Rizzolotti et al 1996.) Mirror Neurons

40. MIRROR SYSTEMS CAN INFER HIDDEN GOALS:

41. Mirroring Intentions

45. Grasping intentions with mirror neurons Iacoboni and Dapretto Redgrave Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 , 942 – 951 (December 2006) | doi:10.1038/ nrn2024